Directed evolution of bacteriorhodopsin for device applications. J. R. Hillebrecht, K. J. Wise and R. R. Birge (2004) Meth. Enzym. 388, 333-347

Photoelectric response of polarization sensitive bacteriorhodopsin films. Q. Li, J. A. Stuart, R.R. Birge, J. Xu, A. Stickrath, P. Bhattacharya (2004) Biosens. Bioelect. 19, 869-874

Vertebrate ultraviolet visual pigments: protonation of the retinylidene Schiff base and a counterion switch during photoactivation. A. K. Kusnetzow, A. Dukkipati, K. R. Babu, L. Ramos, B. E. Knox, R. R. Birge (2004) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 101, 941-946

Biomolecular photonics based on bacteriorhodopsin. K. J. Wise and R. R. Birge, CRC Handbook Org. (2004) Photochem. Photobiol. (2nd Ed.) 135/1 – 135/20

Terahertz circular dichroism spectroscopy of biomolecules. J. Xu, J. Galan, G. Ramian, P. Savvidis, A. Scopatz, R. R. Birge, S. J. Allen and K. Plaxco (2004) Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng. 5268, 19-26

Spectroscopic properties of the main-form and high-salt peridinin-chlorophyll a proteins from Amphidinium carterae. R. P. Ilagan, S. Shima, A. Melkozernov, S. Lin, R. E. Blankenship, F. P. Sharples, R. G. Hiller, R. R. Birge and H. A. Frank (2004) Biochem. 43, 1478-1487

Humidity-dependent open-circit photovoltage from a bacteriorhodopsin/indium tin oxide bioelectronic heterostructure. S. Crittenden, S. Howell, R. Reifenberger, J. Hillebrecht and R.R. Birge (2003) Nanotech. 14, 562-565

Terahertz Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy: A Potential Approach to the In Situ Detection of Life's Metabolic and Genetic Machinery. J. Xu, G. J. Ramian, J. F. Galan, P. G. Savvidis, A. M. Scopatz, R. R. Birge, S. J. Allen and K. W. (2003) Plaxco. Astrobiol. 3, 489-504

A spectroscopic and computational study of the singlet and triplet excited states of synthetic beta-functionalized chlorins. C. Bruckner, J. R. McCarthy, J. W. Caniell, Z. D. Pendon, R. P. Ilagan, T. M. Francis, L. Ren, R. R. Birge and H. A. Frank. (2003) Chem. Phys. 294, 285-303

Two-photon and fluorescence spectroscopy and the effect of environment on the photochemical properties of peridinin in solution and in the peridinin-chlorophyll-protein from Amphidinium carterae. S. Shima, R. P. Ilagan, N. Gillespie, B. J. Sommer, R. G. Hiller, F. P. Sharples, H. A. Frank and R. R. Birge (2003) J. Phys. Chem. A 107, 8052-8066

Thermolysis of fluorinated cycloalkylidene fulgides yields a new class of photochromic compounds. M. N. Wolak, N. B. Gillespie, R. R. Birge and W. J. Lees (2003) Chem Commun (Camb). 8, 992-993

Protein flexibility and conformational state: a comparison of collective vibrational modes of wild-type and D96N bacteriorhodopsin. S. E. Whitmire, D. Wolpert, A. G. Markels, J. R. Hillebrecht, J. Galan and R. R. Birge (2003) Biophys. J. 85, 1269-1277

Direct measurement of the photoelectric response time of bacteriorhodopsin via electro-optic sampling. J. Xu, A. B. Stickrath, P. Bhattacharya, J. Nees, G. Varo, J. R. Hillebrecht, L. Ren and R. R. Birge (2003) Biophys J. 85, 1128-1134

Perspectives on the counterion switch-induced photoactivation of the G protein-coupled receptor rhodopsin. R. R. Birge and B. E. Knox (2003) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 100, 9105-9107

Biomolecular electronic device applications of bacteriorhodopsin. J. A. Stuart, D. L. Marcy, K. J. Wise and R. R. Birge, in Molecular Electronics: Biosensors and Biocomputers, L. Barsanti et al., eds. Kluwer Academic (2003) pp. 265-299

Tuning the optical properties of fluorinated indolylfulgimides. M. A. Wolak, C. J. Thomas, N. B. Gillespie, R. R. Birge and W. J. Lees (2003) J. Org. Chem. 68 319-26

Optical and thermal properties of photochromic fluorinated adamantylidene indolylfulgides. M. A. Wolak, N. B. Gillespie, C. J. Thomas, R. R. Birge and W. J. Lees (2002) J. Photochem. Photobiol. A 147, 39-44

Characterization of the branched-photocycle intermediates P and Q of bacteriorhodopsin. N. B. Gillespie, K. J. Wise, L. Ren, J. A. Stuart, D. L. Marcy, J. Hillebrecht, Q. Li, L. Ramos, K. Jordan, S. Fyvie and R. R. Birge (2002) J. Phys. Chem. B 106, 13352-13361

THz time domain spectroscopy of biomolecular conformational modes. A. Markelz, S. Whitmire, J. Hillebrecht and R. R. Birge (2002) Phys. Med. Biol. 47 3797-3805

Charge transfer in molecular conductors - oxidation or reduction? A. W. Ghosh, F. Zahid, S. Datta and R.R. Birge (2002) Chem. Phys. 281, 225-230

Phototransduction by vertebrate ultraviolet visual pigments: protonation of the retinylidene Schiff base following photobleaching. A. Dukkipati, A. Kusnetzow, K.R. Babu, L. Ramos, D. Singh, B.E. Knox and R.R. Birge (2002) Biochem. 41, 9842-9851

Optimization of bacteriorhodopsin for bioelectronic devices. K. J. Wise, N. B. Gillespie, J. A. Stuart, M. P. Krebs and R. R. Birge (2002) Trends Biotech. 20, 387-394

Structural Properties of a Series of Photochromic Fluorinated Indolylfulgides. M. A. Wolak, R. C. Finn, C. J. Thomas, R. P. Hammond, R. R. Birge, J. Zubieta, W. J. Lees, Acta Cryst. C, 58, o389-o393 (2002).

Structural studies of Metarhodopsin II, the activated form of the G-protein coupled receptor, rhodopsin. G. Choi, J. Landin, J. F. Galan, R. R. Birge, A. D. Albert, and P. L. Yeagle (2002) Biochem. 41, 7318-7324

Monolithically integrated bacteriorhodopsin GaAs field-effect transistor photoreceiver. P. Bhattacharya, J. Xu, G. Varo, D. L. Marcy and R. R. Birge (2002) Opt. Lett. 27, 839-841

Volumetic optical memory based on bacteriorhodopsin. J. A. Stuart, D. L. Marcy, K. J. Wise and R. R. Birge (2002) Synth. Met. 127, 3-15

Bacteriorhodopsin-based three-diemsional optical memory. J. A. Stuart, D. L. Marcy, K. J. Wise and R. R. Birge (2001) NATO Sci. Ser., Ser. I, 335, 30-43

Photonic and optoelectronic applications of bacteriorhodopsin. J. A. Stuart, D. L. Marcy and R. R. Birge (2001) NATO Sci. Ser., Ser. I, 335, 16-29

Serine 85 in transmembrane helix 2 of short-wavelength visual pigments interacts with the retinylidene Schiff base counterion. A. Dukkipati, B. W. Vought, D. Singh, R. R. Birge and B. E. Knox (2001) Biochem. 40, 15098-108

Regulation of phototransduction in short-wavelength cone visual pigments via the retinylidene Schiff base counterion. K. R. Babu, A. Dukkipati, R. R. Birge and B. E. Knox (2001) Biochem. 40, 13760-13766

Linear dichroism and the transition dipole moment orientation of the carotenoid in the LH2 antenna complex in membranes of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila strain 10050. P. M. Dolan, D. Miller, R. J. Cogdell, R. R. Birge and H. A. Frank (2001) J. Phys. Chem. B 105, 12134-12142

Molecular mechanism of spectral tuning in sensory rhodopsin II. L. Ren, C. H. Martin, K. J. Wise, N. B. Gillespie, J. Luecke, J. K. Lanyi, J. L. Spudich and R. R. Birge (2001) Biochem. 40, 13906-13914

Thermolysis of a Fluorinated Indolylfulgide Features a Novel 1,5-Indolyl Shift, M. A. Wolak, J. M. Sullivan, C. J. Thomas, R. C. Finn, R. R. Birge, W. J. Lees (2001) J. Org. Chem., 66, 4739-4741

Optical Properties of Photochromic Fluorinated Indolylfulgides, M. A. Wolak, N. R. Gillespie, C. J. Thomas, R. R. Birge, W. J. Lees, J. (2001) Photochem. Photobiol. A, 144, 83-91

Photoconduction in bacteriorhodopsin/GaAs heterostructures, J. Xu, P. Bhattacharya, D. L. Marcy, J. A. Stuart, and R. R. Birge (2001) Electron. Lett. 37, 648-649

The Photobleaching Sequence of a Short-Wavelength Visual Pigment, A. A. Kusnetzow, A. Dukkipati, K. R. Babu, D. Singh, B. W. Vought, B. E. Knox, and R. R. Birge (2001) Biochem. 40, 7832-7844

Improved Synthesis of Indolyl Fulgides, C. J. Thomas, M. A. Wolak, R. R. Birge, and Watson J. Lees (2001) J. Org. Chem. 66, 1914-1918

Conformation and orientation of the retinyl chromophore in rhodopsin: A critical evaluation of recent NMR data on the basis of theoretical calculations results in a minimum energy structure consistent with all experimental data. D. Singh, B. S. Hudson, C. Middleton, and R. R. Birge (2001) Biochem 40, 4201-4204

Theoretical studies on excited states of a phenolate anion in the environment of photoactive yellow protein. Z. He, C. H. Martin, R. R. Birge, and K. F. Freed (2000) J. Phys. Chem. A 104, 2939-2952

Characterization of the primary photointermediates of Drosophila rhodopsin. B. W. Vought, E. Salcedo, L. V. Chadwell, S. G. Britt, R. R. Birge, and B. E. Knox (2000) Biochem. 39, 14128-14137

Energetics of rhodopsin photobleaching: photocalorimetric studies of energy storage in the early and later intermediates. in Methods in Enzymology (eds. K. Palczewski), R.R. Birge and B.W. Vought (2000) vol. 315, Academic Press, New York, 143-163