Bioelectronics, three-dimensional memories and hybrid computers, R.R. Birge, D.S.K. Govender, R.B. Gross, A.F. Lawrence, J.A. Stuart, J.R. Tallent, E.H.L. Tan and B.W. Vought (1994) Proc. IEEE IEDM 94, 3-6

The intensity-dependent refractive index of chemically enhanced bacteriorhodopsin, Q.W. Song, C. Zhang, R.B. Gross and R.R. Birge (1994) Opt. Commun. 112, 296-301

Bacteriorhodopsin. R.R. Birge in Encyclopedia of Advanced Materials, Pergamon Press, Oxford, UK.(1994) pp. 199-204

Determination of the refractive index of a bacteriorhodopsin film. C. Zhang, Q.W. Song, C.Y. Ku, R.B. Gross and R.R. Birge (1994) Opt. Lett. 19, 1406-1411

Bacteriorhodopsin, a nonlinear proton pump. R.R. Birge (1994) Nature 371, 659-660

Observation and analysis of self-diffraction in bacteriorhodopsin films. R.B. Gross, Z. Chen and R.R. Birge (1994) Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. 330, 251-256

Fundamentals of reliability calculations for molecular devices and photochromic memories. A.F. Lawrence and R.R. Birge (1994) Adv. Chem. 240, 131-160

Introduction to molecular and biomolecular electronics. R.R. Birge (1994) Adv. Chem. 240, 1-14

Three-Dimensional Optical Memories. R.R. Birge (1994) Amer. Sci. 82, 349-355

Chemically enhanced bacteriorhodopsin thin film spatial light modulator, Q.W. Song, C. Zhang, R. Blumer, R.B. Gross, Z. Chen and R.R. Birge (1993) Proc. SPIE 2051, 77-82

On the molecular origin of photoreceptor noise. R.B. Barlow, R.R. Birge, E. Kaplan and J.R. Tallent (1993) Nature 366, 64-66

Chemically enhanced bacteriorhodopsin thin-film spatial light modulator. Q.W. Song, C. Zhang, R. Blumer, R.B. Gross, Z.P. Chen and R.R. Birge (1993) Opt. Lett. 18, 1373-1375

Protein based artificial retinas. Z.P. Chen and R.R. Birge (1993) Trends Biotech. 11, 292-300

Optical limiting by chemically enhanced bacteriorhodopsin films. Q.W. Song, C. Zhang, R. Gross and R.R. Birge (1993) Opt. Lett. 18, 775-777

The unusual pKa of the rhodopsin chromophore. Is this how nature minimizes photoreceptor noise? R.R. Birge (1993) Biophys. J. 64, 1371-1372

The potential application of optical phased arrays in two-photon three-dimensional optical memories. A.F. Lawrence and R.R. Birge (1992) Proc. SPIE 1773, 401-412

Molecular Electronics, in Nanotechnology, Research and Perspectives, R.R. Birge (B.C. Crandall and James Lewis, eds.), MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass. (1992) pp. 149-170

On the Molecular Origins of Thermal Noise in Vertebrate and Invertebrate Photoreceptors. R.R. Birge, R.B. Barlow Jr. and J.R. Tallent, in “Structures and Functions of Retinal Proteins”, Ed. J.L Rigaud, Col. INSERM (1992) 221, 283-286

Conformational energetics and excited state level ordering in 11-cis retinal. J.R. Tallent, J.R. Birge, C.F. Zhang, E. Wenderholm and R.R. Birge (1992) Photochem. Photobiol. 56, 935-952

Protein based optical computing and optical memories, R.R. Birge (1992) IEEE Computer 25, 56-67

Nonlinear optical properties of bacteriorhodopsin and protein based two-photon three-dimensional memories. R.R. Birge, R.B. Gross, M.B. Masthay, J.A. Stuart, J.R. Tallent & C.F. Zhang. Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. Sci. Technol. Sec. B. Nonlin. Opt. 3, 133-147

Theoretical analysis of third-order polarizability enhancement of disubstituted diphenyl polyenes via oxidative doping. J. R. Tallent, R.R. Birge, C.W. Spangler and K.O. Havelka (1992) Am. Inst. Phys. Conf. Proc. 262, 191-203

Molecular dynamics of the primary photochemical event in rhodopsin. J.R. Tallent, E.Q. Hyde, L.A. Findsen, G.C. Fox & R.R. Birge (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114, 1581-1592

Holographic thin films, spatial light modulators and optical associative memories based on bacteriorhodopsin, R.B. Gross, K.C. Izgi & R.R. Birge (1992) Proc. SPIE 1662, 186-196

Quantum Effects, Thermal Statistics and Reliability of Nanoscale Molecular and Semiconductor Devices. R.R. Birge, A.F. Lawrence and J.R. Tallent (1991) Nanotech. 2, 73-87

Revised Assignment of Energy Storage in the Primary Photochemical Event in Bacteriorhodopsin. R.R. Birge, T.M. Cooper, A.F. Lawrence, M.B. Masthay, C.F. Zhang and R. Zidovetzki (1991) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113, 4327-4328

Nonlinear Optical Properties of Bacteriorhodopsin: Assignment of the Third-Order Polarizability Based on Two-Photon Absorption Spectroscopy. R.R. Birge, M.B. Masthay, J.A. Stuart, J.R. Tallent and C.F. Zhang, in Biomolecular Spectroscopy, R.R. Birge and L.A. Nafie, eds. (1991) Proc. SPIE 1432, 129-140

Wavelength Dependence of the Photorefractive and Photodiffractive Properties of Holographic Thin Films Based on Bacteriorhodopsin. R. R. Birge, K. C. Izgi, J. A. Stuart and J.A. Tallent (1991) Proc. Mat. Res. Soc. 218, 131-140

Structural and Electrostatic Studies of Benzodiazepine Receptor Ligands, P. W. Codding, A. W. Roszak, M. B. Szkaradzinska, P. A. Fleitz and R. R. Birge (1990) Frontiers Drug Res. 28, 78-90

Photophysics and Molecular Electronic Applications of the Rhodopsins, R.R. Birge (1990) Annu. Rev. Phys. Chem. 41, 683-733

Two-Photon Spectroscopy of Light-Adapted Bacteriorhodopsin. R.R. Birge and C.F. Zhang J. (1990) Chem. Phys. 92, 7178-7195

Nonlinear Optical Properties of Bacteriorhodopsin. Assignment of Second Order Hyperpolarizabilities of Randomly Oriented Systems by using Two-Photon Spectroscopy. R.R. Birge, P. A. Fleitz, A. F. Lawrence, M. A. Masthay and C. F. Zhang (1990) Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 189, 107-122

The Nature of the Primary Photochemical Events in Rhodopsin and Bacteriorhodopsin, R.R. Birge (1990) Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1016, 293-327